Bibliography
Bakker, Robert T. 1986. The Dinosaur Heresies. New Theories Unlocking the Thriller of the Dinosaurs and Their Extinction. Zebra Books.
Brookes, Richard. 1763. A New and Correct Device of Herbal Historical past vol. 5, The Herbal Historical past of Waters, Earths, Stones, Fossils, and Minerals with their Virtues, Houses, and Newbery.
Buckland, William. 1824. “Realize at the Megalosaurus or nice Fossil Lizard of Stonesfield.” Transactions of the Geological Society of London 1(2):390–396.
Buffetaut, Éric. 1979. “A propos du reste de dinosaurien le plus anciennement décritl’interprétation de J. B. Robinet (1768).” Histoire et Nature 14:79-84.
Wood worker, Kenneth. 2006. “Greatest of the Large: A Important Second look of the Mega-Sauropod Amphicoelias fragillimus Cope, 1878” in Foster, John R. & Lucas, S. G. (eds) Paleontology and Geology of the Higher Jurassic Morrison Formation. New Mexico Museum of Herbal Historical past and Science Bulletin 36, 131–137.
Wood worker, Kenneth. 2018. “Maraapunisaurus fragillimus, n.g. (previously Amphicoeliasfragillimus), a basal rebbachisaurid from the Morrison Formation (Higher Jurassic) of Colorado” Geology of the Intermountain West 5:227–244.
Collini, Cosimo A. 1784. “Sur quelques Zoolithes du Cupboard d’Histoire naturelle de S. A. S. E. Palatine & de Bavière, à Mannheim.” Acta Theodoro-Palatinae Mannheim 5:58–103.
Delair, Justin B. & Sarjeant, William A. S. 1975. “The Earliest Discoveries of Dinosaurs.” Isis 66(1):4–25.
Delair, Justin B. & Sarjeant, William A. S. 2002. The Earliest Discoveries of Dinosaurs: the Data Re-examined.” Complaints of the Geologists’ Affiliation 113:185–197.
Dean, Dennis R. 1999. “Foreword” in Dean, Dennis R. (ed) The First “Dinosaur” E book. Pupil’s Facsimiles & Reprints, 11–15.
Ford, Brian J. 2018. Too Large to Stroll: The New Science of Dinosaurs. HarperCollins.
Forsman, Jan. 2015. “Brontosauruksen yö (Evening of the Brontosaurus).” niin & näin 85 (on-line further). URL=http://www.netn.fi/artikkeli/brontosauruksen-yo English translation: URL= https://www.academia.edu/16608941/Night_of_the_Brontosaurus
Halstead, Lambert B. 1970. “Scrotum humanum Brookes, 1763 — the primary named dinosaur.” Magazine of Insignificant Analysis 5(7):14-15.
Halstead, Lamber B. & Sarjeant, William A. S. 1993. “Scrotum humanum Brookes – the earliest title for a dinosaur.” Trendy Geology 18:221-224.
Herodotos (Hdt). 2013 The Histories. Translation via Holland, Tom. Penguin Classics.
Larson, Neal L. 2008. “100 years of Tyrannosaurus rex: the skeletons” in Larson, Peter & Wood worker, Kenneth (eds.) Tyrannosaurus rex, The Tyrant King. Bloomington: Indiana College Press, 1–55.
Mantell, Gideon. 1827. Illustrations of the Geology of Sussex, containing a normal view of the geological family members of the south-eastern a part of England, with figures and outlines of the Fossils of Tilgate Wooded area. Lupton Relfe.
Mayor, Adrienne. 2000. The First Fossil Hunters. Paleontology in Greek and Roman Occasions. Princeton College.
McGowan, Christopher. 2001. The Dragon Seekers: How and Atypical Circle of Fossilists Came upon the Dinosaurs and Paved the Approach for Darwin. Perseus Publishing.
Molnar, Ralph E.; Kurzanov, Seriozha M. & Dong Zhiming. 1990. “Carnosauria” in Weishampel David B.; Dodson, Peter & Osmólska, Halzska. (eds.) The Dinosauria. College of California Press, 169–209.
Naish, Darren. 2012. “Palaeontology bites again…” Laboratory Information Would possibly 2012:31–32.
Naish, Darren. 2018. “A Huge Amount of Proof Confirms That Non-Fowl Dinosaurs Have been Now not Aquatic – Supplamentary Knowledge” New Lands: Have been Dinosaurs too giant? Conway Corridor, fifteenth Would possibly 2018.
Norman, D. B. 1992. “Dinosaurs Previous and Provide.” Magazine of Zoology 228:173–181.
Osborn, Henry F. 1905. “Tyrannosaurus and different Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs.” Bulletin of the AMNH. 21(14):259–265.
Osborn, Henry F. 1916. “Skeletal diversifications of Ornitholestes, Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus” Bulletin of the American Museum of Herbal Historical past 35(43):733–771.
Osborn, Henry H. & Mook, Charles C. 1921. “Camarasaurus, Amphicoelias, and different Sauropods of Cope.” Memoirs of the American Museum of Herbal Historical past, New Sequence 3(3):249–387.
Owen, Richard. 1842. “Document on British Fossil Reptiles, Section II” in Dean, Dennis R. (ed) 1999. The First “Dinosaur” E book. Pupil’s Facsimiles & Reprints.
Osi, A., Prondvai, E., & Géczy, B. 2010. “The historical past of Past due Jurassic pterosaurs housed in Hungarian collections and the revision of the holotype of Pterodactylus micronyx Meyer 1856 (a ‘Pester Exemplar’).” Geological Society 343(1):277–286.
Parkinson, James. 1822. Outlines of Oryctology: An Creation to the Find out about of Fossil Natural Stays. London.
Paul, Gregory S. 1988. Predatory Dinosaurs of the Global. Simon and Schuster.
Paul, Gregory S. 2019. “Figuring out the Greatest Recognized Land Animal: A Important Comparability of Differing Strategies for Restoring the Quantity and Mass of Extinct Animals” Annals of Carnegie Museum 85(4):335–358.
Pausanias. (Paus.) 1900. Description of Greece vol. I. Translation via Shilleto, Arthur Richard. George Bell & Sons.
Phillips, John. 1871. Geology of Oxford and the Valley of Thames. Clarendon Press.
Plot, Robert. 1677. The Herbal Historical past of Oxfordshire, Being an Essay Towards the Herbal Historical past of England. Theater and S. Millers.
Prothero, Donald R. 2019. The Tale of the Dinosaurs in 25 Discoveries: Wonderful Fossils and the Folks Who Discovered Them. Columbia College Press.
Robinet, Jean-Baptiste. 1766. De l. a. Nature, Tome Quatrieme. Harrevelt.
Robinet, Jean-Baptiste. 1768. Issues philosophiques de l. a. gradation naturelle des formes de l’etre ou les Essais de l. a. Nature qui apprend a faire l’homme. Charles Saillaint.
Rieppel, Olivier. 2022. “The primary ever described dinosaur bone fragment in Robinet’s philosophy of nature (1768).” Historic Biology 34(5):940–946.
Spalding, David A. E. & Sarjeant, William A. S. 2012. “Dinosaurs: The Earliest Discoveries” in Brett-Surman, M. Ok.; Holtz jr. Thomas R. & Harlow, James O. (eds) The Whole Dinosaur. Indiana College Press, 3–24.
Taquet, Philippe & Padian, Kevin. 2004. “The earliest identified recovery of pterosaur and the philosophical origins of Cuvier’s Ossemens Fossiles.” Comptes Rendus Palevol 3(2):157–175.
Torrens, H. S. 1995. “The dinosaurs and dinomania over 150 years” in Sarjeant, William A.S. (ed) Vertebrate Fossils and the Evolution of Medical Ideas. Gordon and Breach Publishers, 255–284.
Woodroff, D. Carey & Foster, John R. 2014. “The delicate legacy of Amphicoelias fragillimus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda; Morrison Formation – newest Jurassic).” Volumina Jurassica 12(2):211–220.
Footnotes
[1] See e.g., Charles Choi, “The Brontosaurus Is Again”, Medical American, 7/iv/2015. Additionally Forsman (2015).
[2] https://nhmu.utah.edu/articles/2023/05/how-we-came-see-dinosaurs-color
[3] https://information.mit.edu/2020/study-timing-dinosaurs-evolution-0729
[4] Buckland (1824, 390, 392). Buckland provides partial credit score for the title to William Conybeare (1787–1857). The title Megalosaurus was once first steered via James Parkinson (1755–1824). Parkinson (1822, 298). Cf. Paul (1988, 281).
[5] Even flying pterosaurs, of which stays have been discovered since overdue 1700’s, have been at the start regarded as to be marine animals due it being regarded as much more likely for unknown species to are living within the ocean depths. See Collini (1784). Cf. Taquet & Padian (2004); Osi, Prondavai & Géczy (2010).
[6] McGowan (2001, 88). On the time, the fundamental clinical view was once that animals don’t move extinct as it might be in opposition to the nice chain of being, by which all created beings are in best possible team spirit. Extinction would purpose lacking hyperlinks in that chain and be in opposition to the herbal order. Cuvier was once one of the vital earliest supporters of extinction concept however was once met with opposition during his lifestyles. Certainly one of his warring parties was once Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829) who idea that as an alternative of going extinct, species evolve into different species through the years, which Cuvier adverse. Darwin’s concept of herbal variety then defined that extinction and evolution might be mutually inclusive.
[7] Ibid, 9. Anning was once excluded outdoor of the instructional analysis of her time because of her gender, even if she was once generally extra deeply conversant in the fossil findings she had made than the teachers who printed analysis papers on them, steadily with out even bringing up her title. See ibid, 11–27.
[8] Ibid, 10. Even supposing he spent maximum of his analysis lifestyles amongst fossilized stays, Buckland himself was once now not one. He’s described as a full of life and entertaining lecturer, speeding in opposition to his scholars waving a hyena cranium and shouting “What laws the sector?” (The solution Buckland was once anticipating was once “the tummy, sir”.) Ibid, 29.
[9] Mantell (1827, 67).
[10] Paus. 5.13; Hdt. 1.68. See Mayor (2000, bankruptcy 3).
[11] See McGowan (2001, 1); Prothero (2019, 3); for an in depth take a look at early fossils, see Spalding and Sarjeant (2012).
[12] Ashmolean is the oldest public museum on the planet, established in 1677 in Oxford to deal with pieces donated for the college via Elias Ashmole, together with the crammed frame of the closing dodo noticed in Europe. These days, the dodo, in addition to the stays that Buckland named Megalosaurus, are exhibited on the Oxford College Museum of Herbal Historical past. It sort of feels that gaining enough investment in academia was once simply as tough within the 1600s as it’s lately, and it’s imaginable that Plot labored concurrently as a professor and as a curator because the fee from every was once now not sufficient to give a boost to him.
[13] Plot (1677, 132).
[14] Ibid, 133.
[15] Ibid, 133–136.
[16] Ibid, 138.
[17] Even though a machine just about what is referred to now as bionomial nomenclature was once already evolved via Swiss brothers Johann (1541–1613) and Gaspard (1560–1624) Bauhin for botanical paintings round a century previous, Linnaeus was once the primary to systematically use a binomial taxonomy in his ebook Systema Naturae (1st ed. 1736, tenth ed. 1758). For this, Linnaeus continues to be referred to as the “father of contemporary taxonomy.”
[18] Brookes (1763, 317–318). As an enchanting aspect notice, whilst the Cornwell fossil turns out to had been the primary dinosaur discovery to be described, it was once now not the primary huge fossil came upon in England. Plot refers to 2 massive tooth present in Essex all the way through the reign of Richard I (1157–1199), and lists a number of different oversized bones and tooth present in quite a lot of portions of England (Plot 1677, 134–135). One such discovery was once made in 1666 in London, when upon knocking down the St. Mary Woolchurch, which have been broken within the Nice Hearth of London, a thigh-bone “a lot larger and longer than ours of stone may in share be, had it been complete” was once discovered (ibid, 135; cf. Brookes 1763, 318). Plot took this as extra proof that those have been human stays since “how Elephants must come to be buried in Church buildings is a query now not simply replied, excluding we will be able to run to so groundless a shift, as to mention, that most likely the Elephants may well be there buried ahead of Christianity flourished in Britan and that those Church buildings have been in a while casually constructed over them” (Plot 1677, 315). Plot is clearly mocking, but he was once nearer to the reality than he even learned. See additionally Sam Kriss, “Jurassic Lark”, First Issues, iii/2023.
[19] Brookes (1763, 317).
[20] Ibid. See Rieppel (2022, 941). Norman (1992, 173–174) calls it an “editorial error”.
[21] Robinet (1768, 31). See additionally Buffetaut (1979) and Rieppel (2022).
[22] Ibid. 19–20, Pl. 1, fig. 1. See Buffetaut (1979, 82).
[23] Robinet (1766), 209–210; 1768, 31. See Rieppel (2022, 942, 945).
[24] Even though regardless of Delair and Sarjeant’s (2002, 186) declare, Robinet didn’t believe the fossil to if truth be told be a scrotum.
[25] See esp. Rieppel (2022, 944).
[26] Phillips (1871, 164). Cf. Delair & Sarjeant (1975, 8); Rieppel (2022, 941).
[27] Halstead (1970)
[28] Ibid.
[29] Delair & Sarjeant (1975, 8).
[30] Halstead & Sarjeant (1993).
[31] Brookes (1763, 318).
[32] Halstead & Sarjeant (1993). See additionally Delair & Sarjeant (2002); Spalding & Sarjeant (2012, 10); Prothero (2019, 6–7).
[33] See e.g., Molnar, Kurnzanov & Dong (1990, 192) who listing Scrotum humanum as a doubtful but distinct carnosaur.
[34] Rieppel (2022, 945); Mortimer, Mickey, “‘Scrotum humanum’ a torvosaur and Jurassic Chinese language theropod updates”, The Theropod Database, 9/i/2023.
[35] See e.g., Paul (1988, 280–281). For extra on taxonomic precedence in terms of the notorious Brontosaurus vs. Apatosaurus case, see Forsman (2015). Medical tension nearly got here to chunk paleontologists at the bottom when in 2000 it was once showed that Tyrannosaurus rex, one of the crucial known and cherished dinosaur species, had already been named Manospondylus gigas via Cope in 1892, a complete 13 years ahead of Cope named it the “King Tyrant Lizard.” See Larson (2008, 37–38, 50); Prothero (2019, 224). Cf. Osborn (1905); (1916). As an alternative of following precedence, maximum referred to the modified ICZN ruling from 1st of January 2000, declaring {that a} title that has been regarded as legitimate for fifty years can’t be changed via a reputation that has been regarded as invalid all the way through the similar time, and temporarily modified the topic. Mike Taylor, “So why hasn’t Tyrannosaurus been renamed Manospondylus”, Miketaylor.org, 27/viii/2002; Matt Martyniuk, “What’s a Nomen Oblitum? Now not What You Most probably Suppose”, DinoGoss, 5/ix/2010. On the time of writing, no-one seems to have made an respectable utility for safeguarding the T. rex title and the case turns out to had been shoved beneath a rug.
[36] Delair & Serjeant (1975, 8); Rieppel (2022, 941); Mortimer (2023). The fossil can’t be the sort species T. tanneri as it’s from the later Callovian level of the Jurassic. Megalosaurus and its clade Megalosauridae have even though been handled as more or less a “wastebasket” for partial descriptions and unidentified mid-size theropod dinosaur discoveries. As such Megalosaurus has at one level or any other integrated masses of sub-species from 5 other continents, spanning 100 million years, with a number of of those sub-species been granted their very own genus (together with Carcharodontosaurus and Dilophosaurus). See Paul (1988, 281–282); Prothero (2019, 13).
[37] Llhuyd 1699, pl. 16. Reproduced in Delair & Sarjeant 2002, 186–187. Cf. Delair & Sarjeant 1975, 8.
[38] For a list of those early fossils, pre-dating Buckland’s Megalosaurus specimen, see Delair & Sarjeant 1975, 8–12; 2002, 186–192. Cf. Spalding & Sarjeant 2012, 11–13; Prothero 2019, 5.
[39] See Osborn & Mook 1921, 279; Wood worker 2006, 134; Woodroff & Foster 2014. See additionally Forsman 2015. Because of the fossil subject material being misplaced, maximum of Cope’s length estimates, which might have positioned Amphicoelias the biggest vertebrate that has ever existed, had been discarded as exaggerations. In 2018, A. fragillimus was once renamed Maraapunisaurus fragillimus because of taxonomic relocation (Wood worker 2018), rekindling new length estimates hanging it once more a few of the biggest identified sauropods. See Paul (2019).
[40] Prothero (2019, 207–208).
[41] “Prevent Pronouncing That There Are Too Many Sauropod Dinosaurs”, TetZoo 17/iv/2020. Cf. Prothero (2019, 109–111).
[42] See Naish (2012); (2018). Cf. Ford, “A prehistoric revolution”, Laboratory Information, 3/iv/2012; 2018. My favourite a part of Naish’s resolution is the next: “Ford particularly said that the tails of huge dinosaurs have been too heavy to allow terrestrial lifestyles. On the other hand, geometrical modelling carried out via dinosaur consultants and utilising ways fairly extra rigorous than Ford’s methodology of dunking toy dinosaurs in water maximum certainly does now not in finding even essentially the most really extensive, maximum muscular dinosaurian tail to provide any downside as is going terrestrial locomotion” (Naish 2012, 32).
[43] “Robert Plot’s Misplaced Dinosaur Bone”, TetZoo, 16/xii/2022.
[44] Plot (1677, 131).
[45] Ibid, 131–132.
[46] “Robert Plot’s Misplaced Dinosaur Bone”, TetZoo, 16/xii/2022.
[47] The Cornwell fossil isn’t the one instance right here: a large neogenic salamander Andrias scheuchzeri was once at the start described as Homo diluvia testis (“Human who witnessed the Flood”) via Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1672–1733) in 1726. See Prothero (2019, 4). Apparently, no-one turns out to have argued for the concern of the title, or claimed {that a} sure Pleistocene mammal must be renamed Orestes.
[48] “Robert Plot’s Misplaced Dinosaur Bone”, TetZoo, 16/xii/2022.